Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967) Essay

Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967) - Essay Example 39).  The court is obligated to identify any possible reason for a warranted search or seizure. The Fourth Amendment provision only applies where the government conducts the searches and seizures. Thereby the clause excludes private investigations by austerely private persons such as unsavory spouses, privately hired investigators, or intrusive neighbors. In a few exceptions, the concerns of the Fourth Amendment arise when actions taken by a private person are in conjunction with law implementation. However, the constitution protects whatever an individual seeks to perpetuate as private that is in an area accessible to the public. In accordance with the Supreme Court, individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their bodies, personal effects, and clothing. Homeowners own a privacy interest that extends inside their houses and extends to their immediate outside surrounding ( McCord et al., p.192). The expectation of privacy does not appertain to private property held to the public and thus is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Nonetheless, items seen through or information gathered by augmented surveillance could be subject to the provisions of the Fourth Amendment. It is unlawful to intercept a telephone call. In addition, when one intends to make a call they expect privacy regardless of the medium used (Schulhofer, p. 125). Hence, the Fourth Amendment rightfully protects the petitioner against invasion of privacy. The judge disregarded the term â€Å"constitutionally protected area† in the context of the Fourth Amendment and explained that constitutionally it is not a right to privacy. The government had enough evidence to establish that the petitioner was using the specific telephone to transmit gambling information to persons in other states thereby committing a federal offence but acquired the information illegally. The case involves private actions for the purpose of the Fourth Amendment. The courts seek to determine the extent to

Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Environmental Issues - Essay Example Taking for instance, Donald Mitchell argument on a supporting statement from World Bank report (2008). He insists that as much as several factors contributing to the increase in food prices from January 2002 to June 2008, the senior most contributing factor is attributed to large increase in bio-fuels productions from oilseeds and grains in the U.S and E.U that has increased the demand of these products while reducing supplies of wheat and crops that compete with food commodities used as bio-fuels. This has lead to land use changes in wheat and maize exporting countries shifting towards plantation of oilseeds for bio-fuel production resulting to shrunk wheat and maize production hence witnessing rise in wheat and maize prices. Donald also supports his claims from (FAPRI, 2008) that food prices have also increased due to expansion of bio-diesel production and higher costs of bio-fuel production. On the contrary, Keith sharply disagrees by arguing that the impact of bio-fuel production is much less than alarmist claim (2009). Keith K. et al rather claims that there would be greater impact if bio-fuels development focused on converting bio-waste, fast growing trees and grass into fuel. According to him, increased food prices arise out of increased demands in emerging economies, drought in food exporting countries, global warming, and market-distorting subsidies. In fact a supporting report from U.S department of agriculture (USDA) calculated that bio-fuel production only contributed to 5% of the 45% increase in global food prices. Additionally, bio-fuel crops provide alternative diversities that boost rural perennial incomes therefore reducing international burning that contributes to global warming. It hence addresses efficient production and utilization of bio-fuels, global mismanagement of land, stabilization of land cover, protection of biodiversity and improving water quality. From my point of view I would agree to the fact that bio-fuels indeed contribute to increasing food prices and other environmental drawbacks. Supporting arguments, according to Robin Maynard, when food and fuel compete for farmland, food prices will rise drastically and the poor will suffer as well as rainforests (2007). Additionally, Renton emphasizes that when forests are cleared, to create space for bio-fuel crops, they no longer serve as â€Å"carbon sinks† therefore leading to global warming as it takes longer for the benefits of bio-fuel crops to be noticeable (2007). The bio-fuel crops also displace natural ecosystems and destroy habitat for several species. Bio-fuels hence will maintain as a contributive factor to increasing food prices. Issue 12 - Nuclear Power The debate over use of nuclear power sparked out of its negative connotations in the past that threatened the survival and future of the world during the world war, nuclear disasters and links to chronic fatal diseases. Discussion have also arisen out of the proponents that nuclear power can be economical, safe and a clean form of energy. From these proponents there are disagreements amongst scholars on the question of nuclear energy. Lain Murray for instance has a positive position on use of nuclear power. He argues that the worlds experience shows it to be both safe and reliable. Supporting documents such as the Congregation Budget Office

Data Envelopment Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data Envelopment Analysis - Essay Example Their job involves selecting the efficient player for the match out of the whole team. Coaches tend to have problems in choosing the first eleven players to field for crucial football matches. Most football teams have more than twenty players yet; only fourteen players—eleven active players and three substitutes take up the slots. To beat this dilemma, the coaching staffs have come up with various strategies that help them to determine the finest players for the crucial matches facing the teams. For a player, good performance in the preference list for the coaching staff means that he is able to deliver for the team. The overall performance for any team relies solely on the effort of each player because a win for any football team, is an ultimate goal for any football team in the world. The Castrol EDGE index is the latest common technology that analyses and ranks each player’s performance in a football match. The ranking system is a creation of Castrol, which initially was to rank the players at the Men’s club association football under the sponsorship of FIFA. The system considers the duration for the players actions and the power of the opposition team. Currently, the Castrol EDGE index is used to rank the performance of all the footballer players participating in the top five Europe’s leagues in the football season, 12-month period. To build the Castrol Index Ranking, the first step involves finding the â€Å"Castrol Index Score† for every player in each tournament, league, or Championship league match. The second step is to weigh the Castrol Index Score to get the â€Å"Castrol Ranking Points†. The final step, the cumulative points, earned in each match played in the tournament or 90 the divided by the total number of minutes the player played multiply league. The Castrol Index Ranking = {(90 x the Total Castrol Ranking Points) / Total minutes played} During the UEFA EURO 2012, for each player, the Castrol EDGE Ind ex considered every save; pass, tackle, and shot to determine the effect of such actions on the respective team’s probability to either score or concede a goal. The number of points that a player receives depends on the zone of the action within the pitch. So are the number of points awarded for blocked shots, intercessions, and tackles. As for attempts to score, the Castrol EDGE index points to the attacking player but penalizes the goalkeeper conceding the goal. Deductions results for the fouls that arise. Table 1 The Table beside shows the top ten Players of the UEFA EURO 2012 according to the Castrol EDGE index ranking. The ranking scales down the magnitude of prowess the football player ever displayed during the UEFA EURO 2012 event alongside the rest of the players. The ranking also determines a player’s ability to perform in the game of football, and further helps to estimate the market value of a football player during the inter-clubs transfer window. The coach ing staffs around the world easily rely on the Castrol EDGE index to prepare line-ups for various matches ahead of their football teams. Good rankings for a player tend to boost the confidence in the coaching staffs for their players, a fact that can be justified since each player earns a point for every complete action during the football match, which also reflects the player’s ability

Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay examples -- Shakespeare Hamlet E

Revenge in Shakespeare's Hamlet In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses revenge as a major theme present throughout the work. Revenge plays a crucial role in the development of Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, and Laertes, son of Polonius. All three men seek revenge for the murder of their fathers. Revenge can be interpreted as a separate character in Hamlet. Revenge is set to overcome anyone who seeks it. Initially, after each of the murders, every son had a definite course of action to obtain vengeance. Or in Hamlet's case the choice was to seek no vengeance. As the play unfolds, each young man approaches the desire for revenge and chooses a different path towards gaining it based on the guidance of another character in the play. Fortinbras' good decisions and self-control, as well as, Hamlet and Laertes' bad decisions can be attributed to the outside guidance they receive. Fortinbras, son of the slain King of Norway, is the first to seek revenge. Although King Hamlet, the now deceased King of Denmark, held sole responsibility for the death of King Fortinbras, young Prince Fortinbras seeks vengeance toward the entire country of Denmark. Horatio, a friend of Hamlet?s, said, ?As it doth well appear unto our state, but to recover of us by strong hand and terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands so by his father lost (I.i.101-104). By this, Horatio is saying Fortinbras plans to forcefully regain the land King Hamlet took from King Fortinbras. Fortunately, King Claudius, the new King of Denmark, intervenes and sends two courtiers, Cornelius and Voltemand, to Norway in hopes of convincing the new King of Norway, Fortinbras? uncle, to prevent the attack. Upon hearing the message, Fortinbras? uncle vetoes Fortinbras? plan to wage war on Denmark. However, he encourages Fortinbras ?to employ his anger, against the Polack? in order to vent his rage (II.ii.74-75). After taking the advice of his uncle, Fortinbras additionally ?makes vow before his uncle never more to have th? assay of arms against your majesty,? (II.ii.70-71). This intervention could be what saves Fortinbras? life. With the counseling of his uncle, Fortinbras is able to put aside his longing to settle the score for his father?s murder. In the end, he is greatly rewarded. Because of his persistent doubt of whether Claudius did, in fact, kill his father Hamlet defers making pla... ...events leading to the success of Fortinbras and the failure of Hamlet and Laertes was initiated by a command from someone close to them. King Claudius had an ulterior motive of saving his land, yet by telling Fortinbras? uncle of Fortinbras? plan to attack Denmark his uncle was able to deter his nephew?s anger. By choosing not to attack Denmark Fortinbras was able to avoid harm?s way. The ghost of Hamlet?s father caused Hamlet?s death by advising Hamlet to seek revenge. Before his encounter with his father Hamlet did not want any part in the act of revenge. In attempt to pursue his father?s wishes Hamlet kills Polonius, which causes his death. When Laertes listens to King Claudius he brings death upon both of them. Laertes did not think his sword would be used against him. In the end, the men?s fate was determined not only by their own feelings, but by the actions taken under the command of another person. For Hamlet and Laertes successful revenge led them to death. The guidance he received, as well as, inner strength surmounted Fortinbras? need for revenge and led him to happiness. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1992.

Honda (a)

Q1. What’s the strategy that allowed Honda to be so successful in the US market? It is a fact that Honda had experienced a remarkable success during the period from the late 50’s to the end of the 70’s. This success is a result of the strategy the company developed at that stage of its lifecycle. This strategy in principle is a technologically based strategy; where Honda established Honda Technical Research Institute (HTRI) in 1946. In the meantime, Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components.In order to minimize the associated risk, Honda offered a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. How is possible that Honda’s many expensive investments lead to lower costs? The company achieved a significant product advantage through a heavy commitment to R&D and advance d manufacturing techniques.Honda used its productivity-based cost advantage and R&D capability to introduce new models to the market very quickly and at prices below those of competitive machines. Over time, Honda had smoothly descending real prices. This price reduction is experience-based which means that as long as more experience is acquired, Honda is capable to develop new methodologies to produce motorcycles at lower cost. This was mainly due to high production volume and improved productivity of the Japanese labor. Q2. How did Honda come to have this strategy?Honda’s strategy was a result of Honda’s underlying philosophy which is a marketing philosophy; i. e. grapping more market share and increasing the sales volume. Selling and Distribution system was a tool to implement this philosophy. What evidence do we have of forethought and planning in the company approach to production? Honda built a manufacturing plant with a capacity 10 times in excess of demand at t he time of construction in 1958. Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components.Honda minimized risk through: offering a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. Marketing? In the 1958 Honda’s market research identified a large untapped market segment seeking a small, unintimidating motorcycle that could be used by small motorcycle business for local deliveries. Honda advertizing concerted to change the image of motorcyclist through heavy campaigning towards middle class consumers. Distribution?Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward. Design? Honda designed the lightweight motors to match the market research results. In general, Products are updated or redesigned whenever a market threat or opportunity is perc eived, prices are set at levels to achieve market share targets and will be cut if necessary, effective marketing systems are set up in all markets where serious competition is intended – regardless – of short term cost and finally plans and objectives look to long term payoff.Q3. To what degree was the US entry strategy thought out in advance? Honda was already the world’s largest motorcycle producer. Honda established a US subsidiary and began its push in the market by offering very small lightweight motorcycles. Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward until it established the largest dealership network in the US. Honda (a) Q1. What’s the strategy that allowed Honda to be so successful in the US market? It is a fact that Honda had experienced a remarkable success during the period from the late 50’s to the end of the 70’s. This success is a result of the strategy the company developed at that stage of its lifecycle. This strategy in principle is a technologically based strategy; where Honda established Honda Technical Research Institute (HTRI) in 1946. In the meantime, Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components.In order to minimize the associated risk, Honda offered a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. How is possible that Honda’s many expensive investments lead to lower costs? The company achieved a significant product advantage through a heavy commitment to R&D and advance d manufacturing techniques.Honda used its productivity-based cost advantage and R&D capability to introduce new models to the market very quickly and at prices below those of competitive machines. Over time, Honda had smoothly descending real prices. This price reduction is experience-based which means that as long as more experience is acquired, Honda is capable to develop new methodologies to produce motorcycles at lower cost. This was mainly due to high production volume and improved productivity of the Japanese labor. Q2. How did Honda come to have this strategy?Honda’s strategy was a result of Honda’s underlying philosophy which is a marketing philosophy; i. e. grapping more market share and increasing the sales volume. Selling and Distribution system was a tool to implement this philosophy. What evidence do we have of forethought and planning in the company approach to production? Honda built a manufacturing plant with a capacity 10 times in excess of demand at t he time of construction in 1958. Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components.Honda minimized risk through: offering a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. Marketing? In the 1958 Honda’s market research identified a large untapped market segment seeking a small, unintimidating motorcycle that could be used by small motorcycle business for local deliveries. Honda advertizing concerted to change the image of motorcyclist through heavy campaigning towards middle class consumers. Distribution?Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward. Design? Honda designed the lightweight motors to match the market research results. In general, Products are updated or redesigned whenever a market threat or opportunity is perc eived, prices are set at levels to achieve market share targets and will be cut if necessary, effective marketing systems are set up in all markets where serious competition is intended – regardless – of short term cost and finally plans and objectives look to long term payoff.Q3. To what degree was the US entry strategy thought out in advance? Honda was already the world’s largest motorcycle producer. Honda established a US subsidiary and began its push in the market by offering very small lightweight motorcycles. Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward until it established the largest dealership network in the US.

Anti-colonization and Dehumanization in Aphra Behns Oroonoko

Anti-colonization and Dehumanization in Aphra Behns Oroonoko In Oroonoko, Aphra Behn sheds light on the horrors of slavery and expansionism that Britain was conducting while assembling its overseas empire. Behn paints the majority of the white colonists as unmitigated illustrations of greed, dishonesty, and brutality. Through these depraved individuals, Behn regularly articulates the barbarism innate in British nature as opposed to the African prince Oroonoko, whom is conveyed as the quintisential model of nobility, physical prowness, and honor. These reoccuring motifs apparent throughout the literary work reveal Behns intention of undermining the inhumane treatment of the colonized populice and the criticism of overseas expansion.†¦show more content†¦The narrator incontestably gives this implication when she states, They have a native justice which knows no fraud, and they understand no vice or cunning, but when they are taught by the white men (2185). The understanding that the Europeans have in fact, tainted the natives, is eviden t in the narrators words. In light of the fortitude in which the narrator takes in describing the purity of the native people, it can confidently be understanded that a metonymy is used substituting vice for evil. Thus, the implication is made that in terms of moral sensibility, the natives are far better than the European colonists. Such a distinction is made by Behn to exemplify the negative generalization and criticism of the Europeans in comparison to the colonized other. In this way, the idea of anti-colonization is conveyed. Behn also incorporates dishonorable traits in the white men that Oroonko meets throughout the story to convey her anti-colonization position, implying that they are not suited to engage in colonialism due to their dishonest nature. The hypocrisy and treachery that Behn illustrates in these characters in contrast to the more honorable Oroonoko, gives the idea that the British possessed a general predisposition towards greed, violence, and betrayal. For instance, the British slave trading captain initially befriends Oroonoko, gaining his trust at first, but later betrays him, condemning him to theShow MoreRelatedOroonoko Analysis1579 Words   |  7 PagesAnti-colonization and dehumanization in Oroonoko In Oroonoko, Aphra Behn sheds light on the horrors of slavery and expansionism that Britain was conducting while assembling its overseas empire. Behn paints the majority of the white colonists as unmitigated illustrations of greed, dishonesty, and brutality. Through these depraved individuals, Behn regularly articulates the barbarism innate in British nature as opposed to the African prince Oroonoko, whom is conveyed as the quintisential model ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Oroonoko By Aphra Behn937 Words   |  4 PagesAphra Behn’s Oroonoko; or The Royal Slave, highlights the immorality of European colonization by focusing on how it serves as a means to corrupt the purity of foreign cultures and deliberately disrupts their way of life. There is an undeniable indication of cultural corruption throughout Behn’s work. The title itself, exemplifies the intricacy of Behn’s work, due to her blatant use of binary oppositions, in order to emphasize the conflicting views of both colonizer and slave. Slaves are unlikely

Major Leadership Patients Faced by Global Leaders in...

Based on Terrell and Rosenbusch (2013), todays world is one of extreme chaos and continuous change. It has become borderless, multicultural and a quickly developing hybrid of cultures, where a rapidly growing number of businesses operate as if the whole world were a single entity. This has created new realities for organizations because they must manage diverse cross-cultural workers, customers, suppliers, investors as well as competitors increasingly (Javidan et al, 2006). The challenge of globalization is that companies have to adapt or die. Adaptability will be the ultimate characteristic which differentiates successful from unsuccessful companies (McCallum, 2001). Therefore, the need for understanding different communication practices and cultural values has become quite significant (Artiz and Walker, 2014). An important consequence of the globalization processes is that leaders in all realms of society are experiencing major changes in their roles and responsibilities (Dean, 2005). These forces are driving an increased demand for global leaders who have acquired new competencies that would enable them to react, respond and lead successfully (Marquardt Berger, 2000). The main aim of this literature review is to illustrate the major leadership challenges faced by global leaders in leading todays multicultural organizations, teams and groups. We also suggest ways on how to overcome such challenges based on our review of relevant literature. But first, for theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Diversification within American Organizations5630 Words   |  23 Pages Diversification within American Organizations The United States has the most diverse and multicultural population ever known to man. 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